Әдебиеттер:
1. Климов Е.А. Общая психология: Общеобразовательный курс: Учеб. пособие. - М.:
ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2013. - 511 с.
2. Маслоу А. Мотивация и личность. - 3-е изд. - СПб.: Питер, 2012. - 352 с.
3. Жунисбекова Ж.А., Койшибаева Н.И. Сборник лекций по дисциплине «Психология и
развитие человека» для группы специальностей «Образование» - Шымкент: ЮКГУ, 2014. -
100 с.
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UDC 372.851
SOME BASIS OF TEACHING PROBABILITY THEORY AND
MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS IN HIGHER SCHOOL
Moshchenko N.A.
–
teacher of physical culture, school-Lyceum No. 46 named after CH. Aitmatov,
Shymkent, Kazakhstan
Pegova O. A.
–
physical education teacher, CH. Aitmatov school-Lyceum No. 46, Shymkent,
Kazakhstan
Zhunisbekova D.A.
–
M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
Түйін
Бұл мақалада бакалавриаттың «Есептеу техникасы және бағдарламалық қамтамасыз
ету» бағыты бойынша «Ықтималдықтар теориясы және математикалық статистика»
курсын оқыту сипатталған. Негізгі мәселе-техникалық факультеттердің студенттері,
атап айтқанда бағдарламашылар математиканы оқудың қажеті жоқ деп санайды. Соған
қарамастан, математикалық статистика бүгінде оған көбірек еніп келеді және
статистикалық білім студенттерге әрі қарай оқу үшін қажет. Мақалада
«Ықтималдықтар теориясы және математикалық статистика» курсының ең маңызды
пәндері көрсетілген және оқытудың неғұрлым қолайлы моделі үшін шаралар ұсынылған.
Сондай-ақ, курстың 6В06130 дайындық бағыты бойынша орындалудың мемлекеттік білім
беру стандарттарына сәйкестігі қарастырылады және осы дайындық профилі бойынша
бакалавр түлегі шеше алатын кәсіби міндеттер тізімделеді. Студенттерге
математикалық дағдылар мен білім алуға мүмкіндік беретін заманауи бағдарламалық
жасақтама ұсынылады.
Резюме
В данной статье описывается преподавание курса «Теория вероятностей и
математическая статистика» по направлению бакалавриата «Вычислительная техника и
программное обеспечение». Основная проблема заключается в том, что студенты
технических факультетов, в частности программисты, не видят необходимости в
изучении математики. Тем не менее математическая статистика сегодня все больше
проникает в нее и статистические знания необходимы студентам для дальнейшего
обучения. В статье выделены наиболее важные предметы курса «Теория вероятностей и
математическая статистика» и предложены меры для более подходящей модели обучения.
Также рассмотрены соответствие курса государственным образовательным стандартам
выполнения по направлению подготовки 6В06130 и перечислены профессиональные задачи,
которые выпускник бакалавр по данному профилю подготовки должен уметь решать.
Предлагается современное программное обеспечение, позволяющее студентам получать
математические навыки и знания.
Today, the problem of teaching mathematical disciplines is one of the most urgent for
the technical direction of higher education. It consists in the fact that students do not
see the need to study individual sections of higher mathematics, in particular the
section of probability theory and mathematical statistics. The arguments of the
students mainly boil down to the fact that they believe that knowledge of
mathematics will not be in demand in their future professional activities. Difficulties
encountered by students in the study of “Theory of Probability” are due to
insufficient basic training in school mathematics, the lack of skills of systematic
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independent work among many students.
I would like to note that when planning the course, it is necessary to specially
highlight the competencies of the bachelor in the course “Theory of Probability”:
1. Know the basic concepts, definitions, formulas, theorems and methods for solving
problems of all studied sections;
2. Know the course of higher mathematics in the amount of hours of the work
program;
3. To know the basic models and methods of probability theory used in modern
theory and practice;
4. Be able to apply modern mathematical methods to solve applied problems;
5. Acquire practical skills in solving engineering problems, in using the achievements
of fundamental science for the successful study of general theoretical and special
engineering disciplines, as well as for the development of mathematical thinking and
logic for use in chemistry, physics, descriptive geometry;
6. Be competent in choosing mathematical modeling to solve specific engineering
problems.
We also highlight the following competencies of the bachelor in “Mathematical
Statistics”:
1. To know the basic concepts, definitions and mathematical results of mathematical
statistics;
2. To know the theoretical and probabilistic foundations of mathematical statistics,
the role of mathematical assumptions and assumptions in the formulation and
solution of problems of mathematical statistics;
3. Know the classification of problems, models and methods of mathematical
statistics;
4. Know the basic models and methods of mathematical statistics used in modern
theory and practice;
5. Be able to use the basic methods of mathematical and statistical empirical research
in the analysis of problems of technical content;
6. To master the basic practical methods of conducting empirical mathematical and
statistical analysis of problems of technical content.
The next step is differentiated assignments for practical purposes. Each such task can
be considered as a set of tasks of increasing complexity to the same task situation,
using the classical definition of probability, then tasks for using the definition of the
probability of an event, but still requiring knowledge of combinatorics, which
students were familiar with earlier. Below, as an example of the last task, we give one
of such differentiated tasks.
For example, tasks are given in different variants.
1. A spinner has 4 equal sectors colored yellow, blue, green and red. What are the
chances of landing on red?
2. If a coin is tossed twice, what is the probability of getting at least one head?
3. A day of the week is chosen at random. What is the probability of choosing a
Monday or Tuesday?
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4. A die is rolled and a coin is tossed, find the probability that the die shows an odd
number and the coin shows a head.
5. A die is rolled and a coin is tossed, find the probability that the die shows an even
number and the coin shows a tail.
When solving problems, the teacher records the students who have coped with the
solution of the problem of one complexity or another, which allows an individual
approach to the issuance of homework to students. Students who are having difficulty
receive differentiated challenge cards. Depending on the topic studied, some of the
homework assignments for these students may be sociological assignments.
We will divide technical tasks into two types: professionally oriented (first type) and
professionally applied (second type).
For example, tasks of the first type:
1. Three machines produce the same type of product in a factory. The first one gives
400 articles, the second one does 500 articles and the third one does 100 articles. It is
known that the first machine produces 3 % of defective articles, the second one does
2 %, the third one does 1 %. What is the probability that an article selected randomly
from the total production will be defective?
2. There are 3 nonstandard electric bulbs among 70 electric ones. What is the
probability that 2 electric bulbs taken at a time are non-standard?
3. Let the probability that the shooter scores 10 points, when hitting the target, equals
0,3, 9 points – 0,2, 8 points – 0,2, 7 points – 0,1, 6 points and less – 0,2. What is the
probability that the shooter scores no less then 9 points by one shot?
4. The probability that it is Friday and that a student is absent is 0,07. Since there are
5 school days in a week, the probability that it is Friday is 0,2. What is the probability
that a student is absent given that today is Friday?
Such tasks serve to consolidate certain skills and abilities, to increase the motivation
of students to study mathematics.
Tasks of the second type are more complex than tasks of the first type in terms of the
complexity of the solution. They are non-standard, the method of solving them is
unknown in advance, so students need to conduct a search and research. Based on the
results of completing such tasks, students can draw practical conclusions that are
valuable for a specialist-engineer, allowing him to make a forecast, to identify certain
patterns.
This type includes, for example, the tasks on Probability Theory:
1. Consider the grade distribution example that we explored earlier: in a class of 10
people, grades on a test were 50, 60, 60, 70, 60, 80, 80, 90, 90, 95. Let
X
be the score
of a randomly drawn test from this collection. Calculate the probability that a test
drawn at random has a score less than or equal to 80.
2. After collecting for the candy drive, Sally had eight 1$-bills, five 5$-bills, and
three 10$-bills. She randomly selected three bills without replacement. What is the
probability that she chose one of each type of bill?
3. A player tosses two coins into the air. He gains to win $1 times the number of
heads that are obtained. However, he will lose $5 if neither coin is a head. Calculate
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the expected value of this game and determine whether it is favorable for the player.
4. A vegetarian pizza restaurant has 10 toppings from which to choose. The toppings
are onions, mushrooms, tomatoes, green peppers, black olives, hot peppers,
jalapenos, spinach, pineapples, and green olives. It is also possible to order a plain
pizza, which just has sauce and cheese. The order in which toppings are placed on the
pizza does not matter. Also, suppose the pizza restaurant will not sell a "double-
topping" pizza - that is, you can order two different toppings at the same time but not
"double mushrooms." How many different two-topping pizzas are possible?
The tasks on Mathematical Statistics:
1. The temperatures in degree centigrade observed in some of the states in America
are 37, 36, 38, 41, 30, 44, 39, 42, 39. Find the sample variance and population
variance in temperatures.
2. A fertilizer is tested on 7 apple trees. The yield of each tree is shown below: 244,
277, 282, 265, 259, 267, 290. Find the sample variance and population variance.
3. The number of printing mistakes in ten books are observed as 26, 10, 35, 42, 18,
38, 30, 29, 18 and 39. Find the range of the data.
4. The heights in cm of ten students are: 157, 152, 165, 151, 160, 156, 155, 162, 158,
163. Find the range of the data.
5. The temperatures in degree centigrade observed in some of the states in India are
42, 46, 38, 41, 35, 50, 47, 27, 39, 44, 43, 36, 49. Find the range in temperatures.
6. The number of defective gift articles in ten selected stores of a city were reported
as: 810, 734, 737, 1055, 686, 892, 938, 445, 1110 and 1237. Find the sample
variance.
7. The number of days taken by a company to manufacture different sizes of same
product are given as 5, 6, 22, 15, 13, 18, 12, 50. Find the sample variance.
8. Construct a polygon for the distribution of the miles that 20 randomly selected
runners ran during a given week:
Class boundaries
Frequency
5,5-10,5
1
10,5-15,5
2
15,5-20,5
3
20,5-25,5
5
25,5-30,5
4
30,5-35,5
3
35,5-40,5
2
In conclusion, it is necessary to list the professional tasks that a bachelor graduate
should be able to solve in this profile of training. Including:
- participation in the preparation and conduct of fundamental and applied research at
the stages of planning, collection, processing and analysis of data;
- formation and analysis of information arrays;
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- interpretation of research data, other empirical information.
The basic (compulsory) part of the professional cycle includes the Mathematical and
Natural Science Cycle, which lists what the student should know and be able to do.
Including the following knowledge and skills:
- the current state and directions of development of computer technology, the main
approaches to the use of information technology in solving professional problems of
an engineer;
- basic methods and models of applied statistics used in technology;
- use modern information technologies to create databases, conduct computerized
surveys, present the goals and results of project activities;
- skills in the practical use of basic knowledge and methods of mathematics and
natural sciences;
- master the basics of automating the solution of computational problems in
technology.
Most of these skills cannot be obtained only within the framework of theoretical, but
a large number of practical lessons. Especially conducting practical exercises on the
most important topics of the course “Probability theory and mathematical statistics”:
“The formula of total probability. Bayes’ formula”, “Bernoulli's formula. Poisson's
theorem”, “Random variables”, “Statistical estimates of distribution parameters”,
“Elements of the theory of correlation”, “Statistical testing of statistical hypotheses”.
In conclusion, we will formulate the following conclusions:
1. Specific features of the course “Probability theory and mathematical statistics” for
engineering students, taking into account their professional orientation.
2. Professionally important for engineers sections of probability theory and
mathematical statistics include “Formula of total probability. Bayes’ formula”,
“Bernoulli's formula. Local and integral theorems of Moivre-Laplace. Poisson's
theorem”, “Random variables”, “Statistical estimates of distribution parameters”,
“Elements of the theory of correlation”, “Statistical testing of statistical hypotheses”.
A set of technical tasks has been developed for these sections.
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