English for medical students посібник з англійської мови
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пособие мед 2 (1) 2
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- Exercise 2. Read the word combinations and sentences with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian: Hereditary
- Irregularity
- Chemotherapy
- Exercise 5. Give adjectives to the following nouns. Translate into Ukrainian
- Exercise 6. Translate the word combinations into your language
- Exercise 6. Read and translate: MALIGNANT TUMOURS
| MALIGNANT TUMOURS
Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:
Exercise 2. Read the word combinations and sentences with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian: Hereditary: a hereditary disease; a hereditary trait; hereditary collagen dysplasia; hereditary defect; hereditary melanoma; hereditary thrombopathias. The environment may affect the degree to which a hereditary trait develops. Organisms can transmit some hereditary conditions to their offspring even if the parents do not show the trait. Irregularity: treatment for menstrual irregularities; irregular heartbeat; irregularities in some areas of the brain. Malignant: malignant edema; malignant adenoma; malignant bone cyst; malignancy of male reproductive system. This malignant disease, more fatal than the smallpox, broke out among the soldiers and sailors, and destroyed the greater part of them. Chemotherapy: chemotherapy drugs; adjuvant chemotherapy; oral chemotherapy; intravenous (IV) chemotherapy; topical chemotherapy; intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is used to slow the growth of cancer cells or to keep the cancer from spreading to other parts of the body. Exercise 3. Find corresponding equivalents:
Exercise 4. Match the following terms with their definitions:
Exercise 5. Give adjectives to the following nouns. Translate into Ukrainian: Model: Cancer - cancerous
Exercise 6. Translate the word combinations into your language: A malignant neoplasm; unregulated cell growth; to grow uncontrollably; to invade nearby parts of the body; spread to more distant parts of the body; through the lymphatic system or bloodstream; supportive tissues; benign tumors; to be non-cancerous; life- threatening; in the bone marrow; to afflict the human; environmental pollutants; existing genetic faults; faults within cells; to be entirely hereditary; screening tests; medical imaging; the likelihood of developing cancer; a current tobacco user; Breast self-examination; Pap smears; immune system tissue; the pituitary gland; approximately five to ten percent. Exercise 6. Read and translate: MALIGNANT TUMOURS Cancer, by definition, is a disease of the genes. A gene is a small part of DNA, which is the master molecule of the cell. Genes make "proteins," which are the ultimate workhorses of the cells. It is these proteins that allow our bodies to carry out all the many processes that permit us to breathe, think, move, etc. Throughout people's lives, the cells in their bodies are growing, dividing, and replacing themselves. Many genes produce proteins that are involved in controlling the processes of cell growth and division. An alteration (mutation) to the DNA molecule can disrupt the genes and produce faulty proteins. This causes the cell to become abnormal and lose its restraints on growth. The abnormal cell begins to divide uncontrollably and eventually forms a new growth known as a "tumor" or neoplasm (medical term for cancer meaning "new growth"). In a healthy individual, the immune system can recognize the neoplastic cells and destroy them before they get a chance to divide. However, some mutant cells may escape immune detection and survive to become tumors or cancers. Cancer, known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a broad group of various diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. There are over 200 different known cancers that afflict human the most of them may be classified into five broad groups: Carcinomas are characterized by cells that cover internal and external parts of the body such as lung, breast, and colon cancer. Sarcomas are characterized by cells that are located in bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle, and other supportive tissues. Lymphomas are cancers that begin in the lymph nodes and immune system tissues. Leukemias are cancers that begin in the bone marrow and often accumulate in the bloodstream. Adenomas are cancers that arise in the thyroid, the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland, and other glandular tissues. Pay attention to the following seven symptoms as possible warning signals of cancer: changes in the size, color, or shape of a wart or a mole; a sore that does not heal; persistent cough, hoarseness, or sore throat; a lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere; unusual bleeding or discharge; chronic indigestion or difficulty in swallowing; any change in bowel or bladder habits. Many other diseases, besides cancer, could produce the same symptoms.However, it is important to have these symptoms checked, as soon as possible, especially if they linger. The earlier a cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the chance of it being cured. Determining what causes cancer is complex. Many things are known to increase the risk of cancer, including tobacco use, certain infections, radiation, lack of physical activity, obesity, and environmental pollutants. These can directly damage genes or combine with existing genetic faults within cells to cause the disease. Approximately five to ten percent of cancers are entirely hereditary. Cancer can be detected in a number of ways, including the presence of certain signs and symptoms, screening tests, or medical imaging. Once a possible cancer is detected it is diagnosed by microscopic examination of a tissue sample. Cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. жүктеу/скачать 0,8 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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