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3. The category of case
In present-day linguistics case is used in two senses: 1) semantic,
or logic,
and 2) syntactic.
The semantic case concept
was developed by C. J. Fillmore in the late
1960s. Ch. Fillmore introduced syntactic-semantic classification of cases. They
show relations in the so-called deep structure of the sentence. According to him,
verbs may stand to different relations to nouns. There are 6 cases:
1.
Agentive Case (A)
John opened the door
;
2.
Instrumental case (I)
The key opened the door
; John used the key to open the
door;
3.
Dative Case (D)
John believed that he would win
(the case of the animate
being affected by the state of action identified by the verb);
4.
Factitive Case (F)
The key was damaged
(the result of the action or state
identified by the verb);
5.
Locative Case (L)
Chicago is windy
;
6.
Objective case (O)
John stole the book
.
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