Маслова А. М., Вайнштейн И., Плебейская ji. С
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Английския язык для студентов-медиков
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- этого
- expert
- penicillin
- Суффикс -less. Грамматика
| The surgeon is to operate on Хирург должен оперировать этого
this patient. больного. В каком из английских предложений глагол to be употреблен: 1. с именем существительным с предлогом и в какой синтаксической функции? 2. с именем существительным без предлога и в какой синтаксической функции? 3. с причастием настоящего времени, и что он образует? 4. с причастием прошедшего времени, и что он образует? 5. с инфинитивом глагола, и какое значение он приобретает в данном случае? В следующих предложениях обратите внимание на случаи употребления глагола 'to have'. Ответьте на вопросы: My friend has an atlas. У моего друга есть атлас. He has proved his conclusions. Он доказал свои выводы. We have to examine him. Нам нужно обследовать его. Какое значение имеет глагол to have в сочетании с: 1. существительным? 2. Ill формой глагола? 3. инфинитивом глагола?(см. таблицу 15 стр. 280) Прочтите предложения и обратите внимание на способы выражения долженствования. Ответьте на вопросы: Students must attend all the lectures. Студенты должны посещать все лекции. Students have to carry on scientific work. Студентам нужно проводить научную работу. The students are to visit this museum. Студентам необходимо посетить этот музей. The students should pay more attention to foreign languages. Студентам следует обращать большое внимание на иностранные языки. 1. Какой новый способ выражения долженствования вы заметили в одном из этих предложений? 2. Как переводится глагол should в этом случае? (см. таблицу 19 стр. 291) Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения: 1. One should remember that most viruses are destroyed at the temperature of 50-60° within 30-60 minutes. 2. During the experiment the scientist was to investigate the process of inhibition in the cortex of the experimental animals. 3. D. Ivanovsky filtered the juice of the diseased plants through such fine filters through which even the smallest bacteria could not pass. 4. The environment must be provided with the proper amount of oxygen for the growth of aerobic microorganisms. Прочтите следующие слова. Переведите их: antibacterial [.aentibaek'tianal], colony ['kalani], toxic ['toksik], biologist [bai'ol3d3ist], expert ['ekspart], injection [in'd3ekjn], penicillin [,peni'silm], nature ['neitja] Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: drug [drAg] п лекарство dangerous ['deindsaras] а опасный disappear [,disd'pid] v исчезать immediately [I'mirdaatli] adv немедленно common ['кэтэп] а обычный; общий; распространенный same [seim] а тот же самый, одинаковый dry [drai] а сухой; v сушить; вытирать extract [iks'traekt] v выделять; удалять pure [pjua] а чистый try [trai] о пробовать, стараться fail* [fell] о не удаваться, терпеть неудачу; провалиться (на экзамене); to tail to do smth не суметь, не быть в состоянии сделать что-л. "■Иногда глагол to fail с последующим инфинитивом переводится отрицанием не, а инфинитив переводится в том времени, в каком стоит глагол to fail. The X-ray examination failed to reveal heart enlargement. Рентгенологическое обследование не показало расширения сердца. Переведите следующие словосочетания: antibacterial drugs, a dangerous disease, common pathogenic bacteria, the same family, dry bread, to extract pure penicillin, to try to do something immediately, to fail to reveal pathogenic microorganisms Прочтите текст E. Расскажите об А. Флеминге. Скажите, какими качествами должен обладать ученый: Text Е. Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming was born in 1881. He did research work at one of the hospitals in London and became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs. One day Fleming's assistant brought him a plate on which some dangerous bacteria were being grown. "This plate cannot be used for the experiment," said the assistant. "Some mould [mould] (плесень) has formed on it and I'll have to take another plate." Fleming was ready to allow his assistant to do so. Then he looked at the plate and saw that the bacteria around the mould had disappeared. Fleming understood the importance of what had happened and immediately began to study the phenomenon. He placed some mould on other plates and grew more colonies. By means of numerous experiments on animals he determined that this new substance was not toxic to the tissues and stopped the growth of the most common pathogenic bacteria. Fleming called this substance penicillin. It is of the same family of moulds that often appear on dry bread. But many investigations had been carried out before a method of extracting pure penicillin was found. It was also very difficult for Fleming to interest biologists and mould experts in penicillin and to decide the problem of its production. In 1942 Fleming tried his own first experiment. A friend of his was very ill, dying. After several injections of penicillin the man was cured. It marked the beginning of penicillin treatment. Fleming received the Nobel Prize for his great discovery. But he said: "Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives. I do not know why they do it. I didn't do anything. Nature makes penicillin. I only found it." Повторите активные слова цикла, грамматический и текстовой материал и правила словообразования для обзорного занятия. CLASS ASSIGNMENTS Form and translate: the adjectives using the suffixes -ful: help, pain, use, rest, beauty; -ish: fever, white, fat, dry; the nouns using the suffix -th: wide, grow, long, warm, deep, true, strong Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of the verbs 'to be', 'to have', 'should': 1. Hypertension is a dangerous disease. 2. Hypertension is treated with special antihypertensive drugs. 3. We see that in this patient the symptoms of hypertension are disappearing slowly. 4. A patient with hypertension is usually in the clinic. 5. A patient with hypertension is to follow a definite course of treatment. 6. The patient has a deep wound in his leg. 7. The surgeon has just examined a deep wound in the patient's leg. 8. The surgeon has to examine the patient with a deep wound in his leg. 9. You should report me on any changes in the patient's condition. 10. One should remember that white blood cell count increases (nearly) almost in all diseases. ХП. Translate the words given in brackets into English and then translate the sentences: 1. To fight against any infectious disease successfully a doctor (должен) know its origin. 2. The redness on the lateral surface of the arm (может) disappear after the treatment. 3. To determine the origin of the tobacco mosaic disease Ivanovsky (должен был) carry out many experiments on the plants. 4. The doctor (следует) know all the properties of a drug before he gives it to the patient. 5. At the next conference one of the researchers of this laboratory (нужно будет) report on his discovery in detail. 6. The medical students (будет разрешено) operate on the patients only in the fifth year. 7. It is only in the presence of oxygen that aerobic microorganisms (могут) multiply rapidly. Choose the appropriate word from those given in brackets, iranslate the following sentences: 1. (Somebody, something) has estimated that normally you breathe 25,920 times a day breathing in about 450 cubic feet of air. 2. Lately a new group of viruses called adenoviruses have been isolated from the human intestine and respiratory tract in tissue cultures. It has been determined that their presence produced (nothing, anything) pathologic. 3. (Everyone, everything) should remember that the connection of any virus with the body tissues considerably changes their properties. 4. (Everybody, everything) knows that when a virus invades the cell it multiples there and produces a number of pathologic processes. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type: 1. The researcher failed to draw any conclusion from his numerous experiments. 2. The X-ray examination failed to prove the consolidation in the lung. 3. Nobody failed (at) the examination in Physiology. 4. Sometimes in the man with impaired health phagocytes fail to destroy the invading microorganisms. 5. He failed in Biochemistry as he had not paid enough attention to this subject. Answer the following questions: 1. Why ar.e bacteria dangerous for people? 2. Who was the first scientist to extract penicillin in its pure form? 3. What antibacterial drugs were discovered in the 20th century? 4. What main property have phagocytes? 5. What kind of environment is favourable for the growth of anae-robic microorganisms? 6. What may occur when bacteria invade the human organism? 7. What do pathogenic microorganisms produce? 8. What organs are covered with mucus? Read Text F. Answer the teacher's questions and retell the text: Text F. The Discovery of Cholera Bacterium In 1883 Koch went to Egypt to study cholera. At that time there was a widespread epidemic of cholera in Egypt. Nobody knew the origin of this disease, there were not any protective measures against it. The disease spread very rapidly from one place to another and thousands of healthy people died. But sometimes some people who were in a constant contact with the diseased person did not catch cholera. As soon as Koch came to Alexandria he and his two assistants Gaffcky and Fisher began their investigations. In the blood, kidneys, spleen, liver and lungs of the people who died of cholera Koch found many microorganisms but all of them were not the agents of cholera. However in the walls of the intestines and in stools Koch always found a microorganism which looked like a comma. Many times Koch tried to grow this bacterium on gelatin but he failed to do it. Many times Koch inoculated (прививал) this bacterium to the experimental animals, but none became ill with cholera. As the epidemic of cholera became less in Egypt, Koch went to India to continue his investigations there. In Kalcutta Koch often walked along its muddy (грязный) streets, where the poor lived. Once Koch saw some muddy water on the ground near a small house. Koch looked into that water and he thought he saw there those "commas". He took some of this water, analysed it under the microscope many times and found there the same bacteria which he had so many times revealed in the people with cholera. Koch also established that animals could not catch this disease. The source [so:s] of the disease was the water, which people drank. CYCLE V. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS UNIT 1. POLYCLINICS Словообразование: Суффикс -less. Грамматика: Послелоги. Употребление Present вместо Future. Времена группы Continuous Passive. Парные союзы: both... and, either... or, neither ... nor. LESSON 27 HOME ASSIGNMENTS I. Обратите внимание на перевод глагола-сказуемого в придаточных предложениях. 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