1. If you think so, you are wrong. You mustn't think so. 2. The population of your
city may be bigger, but what does that prove? 3. Now you are free and can do
whatever you like. 4. There must be something in this. 5. He may not know/He may
be unaware that we are going to do/see/visit the city sights right after breakfast. 6.
They can't have come back from the zoo. They are there for the first time and may
stay there for a long time. 7. If you spend so much time watching TV, you may have
a headache. 8. The boy may/might/could have torn a page from the book you had left
on the table. 9. If it is so, he must be punished. 10. You can/may find him in the
garden, I suppose. He must be playing tennis with Jim. 11. She may/might not know
anything about it. You mustn't tell her anything either. 12. She says the trip to
London is unforgettable/has made an unforgettable impression on her. She would
never have thought that it could be so interesting to see the places she had learnt
about from books. 13. We could have found the way to the hotel (by) ourselves if
Boris hadn't lost the map of London. 14. Turn another page or two, and you'll see a
photograph. Tell me if you can who it is. 15. "I wonder what he can/could be doing
here so late." — "He may/might/could be waiting for Mary." 16. "What is that
noise?" — "It must be the water running in the bathroom. Someone is washing." 17.
If one could answer this question, it would have been answered long ago. 18. Who
can/could have forgotten a key on my desk? It can't have been Jim. 19. Jim can't have
forgotten the key. I saw him put it into his pocket. 20. Could you come a little earlier?
It would be more convenient for/to me. 21. He stood there for a while thinking
whether he could slink away/off (slip out unnoticed) and whether Minin would get
angry or not. 22. I can't speak French, never could. 23. It must be difficult to master a
foreign language, isn't it?
Ex. 46, p. 463
In all the affirmative and interrogative sentences to have to serves to express
necessity or obligation imposed by circumstances and in the negative sentences it
expresses the absence of necessity or obligation.
1. Боюсь, мне придется отослать его. 2. В камин уже положили уголь или
вам пришлось сделать это самому? 3. Веревка была такой крепкой, что ему
пришлось взять нож, чтобы разрезать ее. 4. Но стоило ли ложиться спать, если
ему надо было вставать в пять утра? 5. Полагаю, мне придется поехать в Лон-
дон, не так ли? 6. Вам приходится/надо рано вставать каждое утро? 7. Ему
придется/Он должен заплатить мне до воскресенья. 8. Сколько времени вам
пришлось там пробыть? 9. «Нам придется долго ждать каникул», — сказала
она со вздохом. 10. Вам надо/Вы должны ходить туда два раза в неделю, верно?
Ex. 47, p. 463
1. Don't worry about that. You must do as you think best. 2. My mother was unwell,
and I had to go to the chemist's. 3. I must/have to go and look at the dinner. 4.
Yesterday's rain spoilt my hat completely; I have to buy a new one. 5. There was no
one to help him so he had to move the furniture himself. 6. "Oh, hallo," she said. "I
thought you must have gone home." 7. They didn't answer my first knock so I had to
knock twice. 8. You must always come to me if anything goes wrong. 9. He was very
sorry to think that he would have to part with it. 10. I had a sleepless night. I
must/have to/will have to go and see the doc and get him to give me something, I
can't go on like that.
Ex. 48, p. 464
1. a) He won4 have to come again, b) Will he have to come again? 2. a) My sister
doesn't have to go to work, b) Does my sister have to go to work? 3 a) They didn't
have to go back alone, b) Did they have to go back alone? 4. a) You don't have to
answer all these questions, b) Do you have to answer all these questions? 5. a) I
won't/shan't have to go out after all. b) Will I have to go out after all? 6. a) He won't
have to come on foot, b) Will he have to come on foot? 7. a) The students didn't have
to read the whole book, b) Did the students have to read the whole book? 8. a) She
doesn't have to come every week, b) Does she have to come every week? 9. a) He
doesn't have to stay the night, b) Does he have to stay the night? 10. a) They didn't
have to begin very early, b) Did they have to begin very early?
Ex. 49, p. 464
1. I gather you have read a lot in English, haven't you? 2. He had to wait at the station
till it stopped raining, didn't he? 3. The work will have to be done before nightfall,
won't it? 4. They usually have dinner at home, don't they? 5. She often has to go to
the dentist's, doesn't she? 6. You have to go to school on Saturday, don't you? 7. They
will have to do what they are told, won't they? 8. We have to begin before five
o'clock, don't we? 9. As far as I understand, you had to stay there a fortnight, didn't
you? 10. You look a bit tired, you've had a long walk, haven't you? 11. She has to
clean the house herself, doesn't she? 12. They had to finish that last night, didn't they?
Ex. 50, p. 464
(1) A previously arranged plan:
1. I am to see him tomorrow. 5. She is to return tomorrow. 7. He inquired when
the secretary was to come. 10. Something must have happened. He was to have come
at eight. 11. Jim reminded me that we were to be at the station not later than seven.
12. Which of you is to bring the magazines and newspapers?
(1)
Instructions and commands:
2. You are not to communicate with anybody. 4. She said that I was not to leave
the house. 6. He said that Tom was to apologize. 8. She says that I am not to lay the
table before twelve o'clock.
In sentences 2 and 9 the speaker is not giving but asking for instructions. Both
can be referred to (2).
Ex. 51, p. 465
Comments
1. An order. 2. Asking for instructions. 3. Obligation (from the character's point
of view). 4. Supposition implying certainty. 5. Prohibition. 6. Emphatic invitation. 7.
Necessity imposed by circumstances. 8. Urgent necessity (from the speaker's point of
view). 9. An order. 10. The Perfect Infinitive used with was to shows that there was
an arrangement, but it was not realized. 11. Prohibition. 12. Past obligation.
Translation
1. Я хочу, чтобы ты ее слушался. Ты должен в точност исполнять все, что
она велит, и не шуметь. 2. «Ну так что мне делать с обедом? — спросила
миссис Хэндфорт. — Переварить и пережарить или пусть остывает?» 3. Рэндал
был взволнован. Ему казалось, что он должен позвонить ей немедля, должен
каким-то образом сегодня же увидеть ее. 4. Должно быть, в молодости Эмма
была очень красива. У нее правильные черты лица. 5. *С нами шутки плохи»,
— угрожающе сказал полицейский. 6. Вы должны как-нибудь обязательно
зайти и пообедать со мной. 7. Он проиграл все свои деньги на скачках, и мне
пришлось одолжить ему пять фунтов. 8. Надеюсь, что не огорчу и не
раздосадую вас, если буду говорить откровенно. Мне совершенно
необходим/во что бы то ни стало нужен ваш совет. 9. Проснись, слышишь? Ты
должен немедленно проснуться. 10. «Значит, Фрэнк приехал?» — «Да, и
весьма неожиданно. Он должен был пробыть там еще неделю». 11. Он все еще
помнил рассказанное очень ясно и знал, что надо/что должен сделать. Он взял
перо и своим аккуратным, твердым почерком написал заглавие нового романа.
need
Ex. 52, p. 465
1 , 5 . Need is an ordinary notional verb that serves to express necessity. 2. Need is an
ordinary notional verb denoting the absence of neseccity.
In all the other sentences need is a modal verb:
3. Needn't denotes the absence of necessity to perform the action. 4. Need implies
that the speaker may think that there is no necessity to perform the action. 6, 8, 9.
Absence of necessity. 7, 10, 11. Neednt't + a Perfect Infininitive and need never + a
Perfect Infinitive show that the actions were performed though they were
unnecessary^ 12. Needn't is part of a predicate in a clause of purpose. It is used to
show that the person that is the subject of the principal clause views the action of the
said subordinate clause as undesirable.
Ex. 53, p. 466
1. You needn't have brought your umbrella, as we are going by car. 2. You need't
have watered the flowers, as it is going to rain. 3 . I needn't have translated it for him,
he did it himself, he understands Latin. 4 . I didn't have to answer the questions
which saved me a lot of trouble. 5 . I knew I didn't have to lock the door after me, but
how was I to know you wanted to come out too? 6 . I didn't have to ring the bell
because the door opened before I got to it. 7. I didn't have to help them at all, they
themselves knew what to do. 8. I didn't have to write him because the news was
already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwards. 9. You needn't have
listened to him. His information was misleading. 10. You needn't have bought such a
lot of flowers. We've already got more than necessary. 11. He didn't have to get up so
early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that he did. 12. You needn't
have said it if you didn't want to. We could have done without you just as well.
Ex. 54, p. 466
1. You needn't bring your books to class tomorrow, we are going to listen to a
wireless programme. 2. I'm glad the lesson will begin later now. The children won't
have to get up so early. 3. You needn't /don't have to learn the poem. You must only
read it. 4. Children mustn't play with matches. 5. It was late, and the" had to light a
fire to cook their supper. 6. You must give it bac" to me before you go. 7. You
mustn't be late for the concert. 8. made a few mistakes, so I had to do the whole
exercise again. 9. I need hardly say how important it is. 10. She is to be married nex
month. 11. You mustn't miss that film, it is extraordinarily good. 12. You needn't
strike a match; I can see well enough. 13. Jim was to make a speech at the meeting,
but he had fallen ill, so Tom had to speak instead. 14. You needn't bring any food
with yo tomorrow. I'll have enough for both of us. 15. We are to be ther at 12 sharp.
16. We didn't have to wait long. A bus came almost at once. 17. You must learn the
whole poem.
Ex. 55, p. 466
1. We needn't have left the house/left home so early, the trai doesn't arrive for an
hour. 2. We needn't hurry. (We don't nee to hurry./We don't have to hurry.) We
needn't be/don't nee to/don't have to be there before 8.30. 3. You mustn't follow thei
example. It would be foolish of you. 4. I wonder if we have t bring the text-books. 5.
I didn't have to lock the door, someone had already locked it. 6. If it freezes hard
tomorrow, you won't' need to/won't have to/needn't go to school. 7. You needn't
worry they will soon be back. They must have lingered near the House™ of
Parliament on the Thames embankment: everything interests them here. 8. One
mustn't forget that the East End is the home of those whose work keeps this huge
city alive. 9. You needn't continue, I know that next you are going to say that among
London's monuments of architecture the most popular one is Westminster Abbey
built in the thirteenth century. 10. They were to meet on Waterloo Bridge at 6 p.m.
11. "What am I to tell our guests about my trip to London?" — "Describe to them
the. ceremony of changing the guard at the gates of the Tower." 12. She said what
time we were to come and asked us not to be late. 13. We decided that the children
must not go there alone. 14. One needn't mention that the Kremlin is a major
museum and ancient monument. Everybody knows that. 15. I had to accept this
invitation although I was feeling off colour/out of sorts/ unwell. I didn't want to
offend my new friends. 16. He knew that he might have to stay there more than a
month. 17. Ask the monitor who is to bring the head-phones to the Phonetics class
today. 18. Yesterday we were to/had to visit Ann in the hospital, so we couldn't call
on you.
ought
Ex. 56, p. 467
1. Ought to serves to give advice. 2. Ought to serves to express moral obligation.
2. Advice. 3. Ought to serves to express obligation implying desirability. 4. Advice.
5. Oughtn't implies that the speaker's action may have been undesirable. 6. Ought to
+ Perfect Infinitive shows regret that a desirable action was not carried out. 7.
Oughtn't to + Perfect Infinitive is used to show regret that an undesirable action was
performed. 8. Ought to is used to show that the speaker was feeling moral obligation.
9, 10. Supposition implying logical probability.
Ex. 57, p. 468
1. I knew I oughtn't to open the letter. 2. I said you ought to finish your work
before going out. 3. You oughtn't to eat between meals; it will make you fat. 4. You
oughtn't to smoke so much; you are wasting money and doing harm to your health. 5.
I ought to have taken these books to the library last week. 6. You ought to have told
your guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. You ought to have
waited till the lights were green before crossing the road. 8. You oughtn't to have
crossed the road when the lights were red. 9. You ought to have seen the
performance. It was wonderful. 10. If he starts at eight, he ought to be there by one
o'clock.
Ex. 58, p. 468
1. Mother always tells me that I must be/ought to be more careful. 2. You don't
have to tell him my telephone number, he knows it. 3. You oughtn't to have said that!
See how distressed she is. 4. I don't want to do it, but I must/have to. 5. ought to
have taken those books back to the library last week. 6. You ought to have told our
guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. But there was no other
way out. I had to communicate with him. No one else knew her address. 8. Such
things mustn't be allowed. 9. You needn't have written such a long composition. The
teacher only asked for 200 words, and you have written 400. 10. "Perhaps I oughtn't
to have troubled you." He closed his lips tight. He was offended.
should
Ex. 59, p. 468
Comments
1. Should expresses obligation implying desirability. 2, 3. Should serves to
express moral obligation. 4. Should serves to show that the action is desirable. 5.
Should expresses regret that a desirable action wasn't carried out. 6. Should shows
that the action performed is deemed undesirable. 7. Should serves to express regret
that an undesirable action was carried out. 8. Should is used to show the desirability
of the action. 9. The first should is used in giving advice, and the second serves to
express moral obligation.
Translation
1. Можете ли вы показать мне хоть одну англичанку, которая бы как
следует говорила по-английски? 2. Жена должна повиноваться мужу. 3. К тому
же теперь, когда вы заняли более высокое положение в обществе, вам не
стоит/вы не должны игнорировать старых друзей. 4. Надо преподать им урок.
5. Должен признаться, что не предвидел такого поворота событий, хотя должен
был предвидеть. 6. Вы узнали то, что я никогда не намеревался сообщать вам.
7. Ему не следовало это говорить. Он понял, что сказал не то, едва слова
слетели с его губ. 8. Сестры долго спорили, надо или не надо звать Тимоти,
чтобы он повидал Аннет. 9. «Вы должны приходить сюда часто, — сказал он
Шелтону. — Вы должны приходить сюда часто», — повторил он. 10. «Вы
должны закончить свою работу до того, как уйдете». — «Знаю, что должен».
Ex. 60, р. 469
1. Modal. 2. Auxiliary. 3. Auxiliary. 4. Modal. 5. Modal. 6. Modal. 7. Auxiliary. 8.
Modal. 9. Auxiliary. 10. Modal.
Ex. 61, p. 469
1. I'm sorry that I kept you waiting, but I had to call home and say not to
expect/tell them (my wife, etc.) not to expect me for dinner. 2. Eventually/Finally we
decided that we shouldn't stay there any longer and should go to the mountains. 3.
You must dress in your very best, I want you to impress everyone as favorably as
possible. 4. You should/ought to have done your homework properly. Then you
wouldn't have had to ask such questions. 5. You needn't have waited so long. You
should/ought to have left me a note. I would have done all you wanted. 6. They must
be working in the laboratory. We/You/One shouldn't bother them. 7. "Why didn't you
come yesterday?" — "I was to meet my first cousin at the railway station." — "Then
you should/ought to have phoned so that we shouldn't wait for you." 8. Do whatever
you like, I'm not going to stand in your way, besides I am to leave soon. 9. The party
should/ought to be interesting. It took the students so long to prepare for it. 10.
There's nothing funny in what he said. You should/ought to/must be more serious.
11. He will have to work here while the laboratory is being renovated (while the
laboratory equipment is being repaired/is under repair). 12. You said it in/for fun, but
she has taken offence. You should/ought to/ must be more considerate. 13. It took us
all day to prepare for their arrival. Everyone had to do something. 14. Such people
should be/ ought to be admired. 15. It didn't occur to me to talk to him though it
should have. 16. Don't allow the children to play in my room. They will turn
everything upside down, and you will have to tidy up. 17. You needn't have bothered
the professor. I could have given you all the necessary information. 18. They should/
ought to have kept him from such an unwise action. They are going to be sorry about
it./They will wish they had. 19. I am sticking/keeping to the directions I have
received. I know full well what I am to start with.
Ex. 62, p. 470
1. The emotional should is used to express annoyance. 2. The emotional should
serves to express indignation. 3. The speaker believes that it is most natural for them
to want their independence, hence the emotional should. 4. Surprise and annoyance.
5. Should is used in a set phrase meaning Откуда мне знать? which is used as an
aggressive reply to a question. 6. Surprise and annoyance. 7. Surprise. 8. The
emotional should is used in an object clause after an expression of surprise. 9. The
emotional should is used in the object clause to show that the person in question is
gloating. 10. Puzzlement. 11. A keen interest. 12. Sadness. 13. Annoyance. 14.
Surprise. 15. The emotional should is used to express the man in question's surpris at
seeing the people he hadn't expected to see. It can be translated into Russian as
follows: И как бы вы думали, кто подъехал к нему с двух сторон? Билл Деннант
и сама Антония!
Ex. 63, р. 471
A. 1. Мне необходимо увидеть ее прежде, чем ее увидите вы. 2. Вполне
естественно, что после войны следует восстановительный период. 3. «У нее
шестеро детей,— сказала тетя Джулия. — Она правильно делает, что ведет себя
осторожно». 4. Очень важно, чтобы вы выяснили, кому передают эти заказы. 5.
Я хочу сказать, что, если мы собираемся создавать самолеты, работающие на
дизельном топливе, нам совершенно необходимо иметь собственные
месторождения магния.
B. 6. Он потребовал, чтобы работа началась немедля. 7. Мы рекомендуем
избрать его нашим делегатом. 8. Он приказал, чтобы все они вышли из дома. 9.
Он предложил сократить рабочий день. 10. Врач настаивает, чтобы детей
отвезли за город.
C. 11. Если она вдруг позвонит, я скажу ей, где вы. 12. Если вам вдруг
понадобится что-нибудь еще, пожалуйста, нажмите кнопку звонка для вызова
сиделки.
Ex. 64, р. 471
1. I'm suggesting that you should marry me, Midge. 2. She must be picking
cherries in the orchard, tell her to come into the house. 3. "Well," said Emily with
calm, "you needn't get into such fusses when we tell you things." 4. Is it necessary,
do you think, that the police should know about it? 5. You needn't be afraid of him.
He's a kind old man. 6. It is essential that he should be prepared for it. 7. Soft music
filled the room. "That must be a gramophone record," thought he. 8. I propose that
the prize should be divided. 9. Oh, I don't know. It's really rather odd that he should
ever have been taking her to the Ball. 10. You should have seen that film when it was
here last week. 11. It is strange that you should remember the place. 12. Why
shouldn't I talk to Catherine? Do you think I'm not worthy to, or something? 13. Poor
boy! He must have suffered so. 14. You needn't answer all my questions if you don't
want to. 15. Why should you say such disagreeable things? 16. Go upstairs at once.
You must change your wet clothes. 17. It was only proper that Dora, who was young
and healthy, should give her seat to that old lady. 18. I think I'll come on time, but if I
should be late, please keep a seat for me. 19. He ordered that the gate should be
locked. 20. She confiscated the morning papers so that the children should not see
them. 21. You needn't wake up before seven o'clock. We'll start at half past eight. 22.
"I was just wondering if my wife was here." — "No, she isn't here. Why should she
be?" 23. You shouldn't work so hard after your illness. 24. Henrietta suggested to
Gerda that they should go and look at the kitchen garden.
shall, will
Ex. 65, p. 472
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