In older English shall was often used with second and third person subjects in
threats, promises and warnings or to express obligation. It is now very unusual.
1. Shall is used to express either a threat or a warning. 2. Promise. 3. Threat or
warning. 4. Promise. 5. Obligation. The sentence is an order. 6. Promise. 7. Shall is
used to ask for instructions. 8. Promise.
Ex. 66, p. 472
Comments
In sentences 1—3 will serves to express willingness to perform the action or is
just a future auxiliary verb. 4. Would serves to express unreality and is part of a
predicate in the Past Conditional Mood. 5. Will you...? is used here to express a
casual request. The speaker is not concerned about politeness. 6. If + will is used to
express a request. Will means are willing to. 7. Would you mind + gerund is used to
express a very polite request. 8. A polite request. 9. Will you is used to give an order
to someone the speaker has authority over. 10. Casual request. 11. Unwillingness to
perform the action. 12. Consent. 13. Wouldn't is part of a Future in the Past predicate.
14. Wouldn't in this sentence is equivalent to refused to. It serves to express an
emphatic refusal to perform the action. 15. Would + like serves to express a wish.
The second would is used to make a request. 16. If you would means if you are
willing to. It is used to express a polite request. 17. Emphatic refusal to perform an
action in the past. 18. Wish + noun/pronoun + would expresses irritation caused by
someone's refusal to perform the desired action. 19. Here will serves to express a
supposition. 20. Would is used to show that the action is a recurrent one. 21. Won't +
Simple Infinitive is used to show that the inanimate thing in question (my lighter)
fails to perform its function.
Translation
1. Я дам тебе знать, чтобы ты смог там быть. 2. Я скажу тебе, что это такое.
3. Я извинюсь перед Маргарет за твое отсутствие. 4. Если бы это была девочка,
я бы назвала ее в честь моей матери. 5. Выйди на террасу, посмотри на закат. 6.
Прошу прощения. Боюсь, мне надо идти к жене. 7. Артур, не могли бы вы
посмотреть, вернулась ли миссис Эрлин? 8. Я хочу, чтобы у меня была твоя
фотография. Дай мне, пожалуйста. 9. Попросите их подозвать мой экипаж. 10.
Иди, полистай вон тот альбом с фотографиями. 11. Отныне я с тобой не
разговариваю. 12. Нет, нет! Я вернусь, вернусь, и пусть Артур делает со мной
все что пожелает. 13. Ноя сказал ему, что не дам ответа до завтрашнего дня. 14.
Ты не хотела приходить, хотя не желала сказать этого прямо. 15. Она просит,
чтобы вы позвонили ей сегодня во второй половине дня до пяти тридцати. 16.
Джейн, я был бы очень рад, если бы ты сказала ему подняться наверх. 17. Я
стучал несколько раз, но она так и не открыла. 18. «Не мог бы ты хоть иногда
оставлять меня одну/оставлять меня в покое?» — сказала Дора. 19. Я полагаю,
это будет последний бал сезона? 20. Он садился на край кровати и часами
наблюдал за ним. 21. Я не могу без курева, а моя зажигалка, на тебе, не
работает.
Ex. 67, р. 473
1. Asking for instructions. 2. Consent; if you will is equivalent to if you are
willing to. 3. Promise. 4. Promise. 5. A future auxiliary verb. 6. Will serves to express
determination and shan't is used to express a warning. 7. Promise. 8. Won't is used to
show that the lifeless thing in question, namely the umbrella fails to perform its
immediate function. 9. Promise. 10. Invitation. 11. A future auxiliary verb. 12.
Promise. 13. Unwillingness. 14. Invitation. 15. Shall is used to express a promise and
will serves to express determination. 16. The first will expresses willingness and the
second is an auxiliary verb expressing simple futurity.
Ex. 68, p. 473
1. It's going to rain. Look at the clouds. 2. You are to stay here till I come back. 3. I
refuse to do what you tell me. 4. I promise you an apple after dinner. 5. What are you
going to do now? 6. We hope to visit all the sights of London. 7. When do you intend
to learn English properly? 8. This time next week I hope to be in St. Petersburg. 9.
Would he like to listen to my singing, do you think? 10. Do you think, they mean to
follow us all the way home?
Ex. 69, p. 474
1. "If I see him," I said, "I'll let you know." — "I should be very much obliged if you
would," said Brown. 2. But I shouldn't/ wouldn't lie about a thing like that,
should/would I? 3. Would you drive us back to Campden Hill? 4. She wouldn't go in
to supper with anyone but Winton. 5. If I were you, I should/ would buy that hat, I
like the colour very much. 6. It's ridiculous that you should conceal it from your
mother. 7. If only Henrietta would make up her mind to marry him. 8. Why should I
suffer more than I've suffered already? Why should I? 9. Would you care to come to
tea with us? 10. He wouldn't look at her. He shook her off gently and gently said,
"We'll see about that." 11. He pressed something into her palm. "Here's a shilling in
case you should need it." 12. I wonder if you would mind me laying down my
umbrella. 13. Why, oh! Why should I have to expose my misfortune to the public like
this? 14. He would rather listen to the others than talk himself. 15. He ordered that the
horses should be saddled. 16. She would sit for hours watching the ships. 17. I wish
you wouldn't quarrel with Jessie. 18. He fully believed, had it been necessary, she
would have been a genius at anything. 19. In order to make these demands effective
we suggested that there should be no return to work today. 20. Why don't you want to
stay another week in the country? It would do you only good.
Ex. 70, p. 474
1. He suggested that the meeting should be fixed/scheduled/ slated for Friday. 2. We
asked Mum if she would mind going for a drive into the country. 3. I would like you
not to argue with Father. 4. Why should I help him? He can do everything himself,
he's just lazy. 5. It is strange how inconsiderate some children should be to their
parents. 6. It's quite natural that students should want to know as much as possible
about the nation whose language they study. 7. Would you be so kind as to wait a bit?
(Would you mind waiting a bit?) Your documents aren't ready yet. 8. We wanted to
know some details but he wouldn't discuss anything with us. We were disappointed.
9. The doctor insists that she should stick/keep to the diet. 10. "Shall I bring you a
glass of water?" — "Yes, if you would be so kind." 11. It is necessary that each
member of the club should take part in the work of its sections. 12. If she
should/Should she ask you about it, tell her that I will write to her about everything
myself. 13. Would you like a little soup? It's very tasty. 14. As they were having tea
with lemon/Over tea with lemon Soames said that there soon would be a war. 15.
"Why should I do what I don't like?" — "It doesn't matter whether you like it or not.
It should be done, and you know it." 16. I should read for half an hour or so before
going to sleep. I've got an interesting book. 17. I should be greatly obliged to you if
you would come at six. 18. How should I know what they are going to do? They
never tell me anything. 19. Try as I would/No matter how hard I tried, the drawer
wouldn't open. 20. The children should have stayed at home in such nasty weather.
REVISION EXERCISES ON MOOD AND MODAL VERBS
Ex. 71, p. 475
1. If I were as young as you are, I would./should have a walking holiday. 2. Perhaps,
she wouldn't look so bad if she hadn't put on so much weight. 3. He walked slowly as
though it ached to move. 4. It would be natural for him to go to sleep. 5. It seemed as
if all the bare trees, the bushes, the cut brush and all the grass and the bare ground
were varnished with ice. 6. Daddy, if you had been dressed in checked ginghams all
your life, you would understand how I feel. 7. I would like to go hunting there, but
I'm afraid I should never be able to bear the cold. 8. He looked like an officer.
Anyone would have been proud to be seen off by him. 9. He repaid me the half-
crown as though it had been borrowed yesterday. 10. The girls wouldn't have thought
so much of him if they had seen him then. 11. The young lady was evidently
American and he was evidently English: otherwise I would have guessed from his
impressive air that he was her father. 12. If England swept away her hedges and put
in their place fences, the saving of land would be enormous. 13. Welch said it coldly
as if he were asking to make some concession. 14. "I should/would be ashamed of
myself, Clara," returned Miss Murdstone, "if I couldn't understand the boy or any
boy." 15u If I might suggest, I should/would say that it would be better to put off the
trip. 16. What might have happened or would have happened if Dora and I had never
known each other? 17. My companion stumbled, the branch he had been holding
snapped and he would have fallen if his hand had not caught another branch.
Ex. 73, p. 476
1. Even if the doctor were here, he couldn't help you. 2. If it were summer we
would/should have a walking holiday. 3. If only he avoided/had avoided
complications! 4. If only I could keep from thinking about my troubles! 5. If you
hadn't walked bareheaded, you wouldn't have caught cold. 6. But for you I
should/would never have found a way out then. 7. If I could forget everything! 8. If
you weren't cold, you wouldn't be shivering from head to foot. 9. If this medicine had
not brought down the fever, we would/should have had to send for a doctor. 10. If
Anne had passed her exams in spring, she would feel/ would be feeling a second-year
student. 11. If he had followed all the doctor's instructions, he would have avoided
pneumonia. 12. If the boy had known about the Centigrade thermometer, he would
not have thought of death. 13. If it ached him to move, he wouldn't be walking
himself. 14. If he had heard your words, he would have got offended.
Ex. 74, p. 477
1. I wish I hadn't left/forgotten the book at home. (If only I hadn't left/forgotten the
book at home!) I should read this fragment to you. 2. I wish it hadn't happened. (I'm
sorry it happened.) If you had been there, you might have prevented it. 3. I wish I
could swim as well as you. 4. "I wish I hadn't left Capetown," Lanny thought. 5. We
wished we had gone to the theatre with them. 6. I wish we had been told what to do
in such cases. (If only we had been told what to do in such cases!) 8. I wish someone
would call on us/drop in tonight. 9. I wish it hadn't been so cold and we had been
able to walk longer. 10. Suddenly she felt so lonely that she wished she hadn't come
there alone. 11. I wish you had followed/listened to the doctor's advice. You would
be feeling/would feel much better now. 11. I wish you were interested in art. We
could/might go to the exhibition together. 12. I wish you had turned on the radio in
time. You would have enjoyed listening to this programme.
Ex. 75, p. 477
1. I wish you hadn't been so careless. It wouldn't have happened, if you had
followed your friends' advice. 2. But for the moon it would be completely dark now.
3. He looked tired as if he hadn't had a rest for a long time. 4. I wish you knew his
address, then we would be able to go and see him today. 5. I feel as though you had
never left. 6. If I were you, I would have behaved more resolutely in such a situation.
7. It could/ might have been done yesterday, but it is no use doing it (there is no
point/use in doing it now). 8. I wish I had been with you when it happened. 9. "I wish
my portrait could grow old and I could always remain young and handsome," said
Dorian. 10. In your place anyone would have done the same thing. 11. He answered
that his friend had not got the tickets though he might have if he had come to the
box-office an hour earlier. 12. If there were no oxygen in the air, we couldn't breathe.
13. But for you/If it hadn't been for you, young man, I might/could have drowned.
You saved my life. 14. If I were you, I would have these poems published/I would
publish these poems. 15. I am sure that he will behave as though he didn't feel any
pain.
Ex. 77, p. 478
1. Tell me what you would do/would have done if you were/ had been in my
place? 2. But for you I would have l e f t long ago. 3. She speaks slowly as if she were
translating from a foreign language. 4. I wish I had never met him. 5. People were
standing around as if they expected something to happen. 6. I wish you would be like
me for two minutes. 7. If Bob had gone out before, we would have noticed him. 8.
But for the underground the traffic in Moscow would be very heavy. 9. She is
looking at me as if she did not know me. 10. That would have interested me some
four years ago. 11. If I had known what it all meant, I wouldn't have come. 12. It
seems to me that what she refused then she would be glad to get now. 13. My dear
Algy, you talk exactly as if you were a dentist. 14. But for her words my life would
have taken a different course. 15. At that moment she almost wished she had not sent
for him. 16. She wrote with her own hand the letters which under normal
circumstances she would have dictated to her secretary.
Ex. 78, p. 478
1. Why didn't you follow the doctor's advice? If you had taken the medicine he
had prescribed, you would feel/would be feeling much better now. 2. I wish I had
asked the doctor when I should take the pills/when to take the pills. 3. But for/If it
weren't for this medicine, I would have awful headaches. 4. Even if you had no
temperature, you had better stay in bed today. 5. He looks as if he has/had a cold (as
if he had caught cold). 6. I would be (very) much obliged to you if you bought me
nasal drops and something for my cough. 7. I wish the gym were in our building. We
have to waste a lot of time getting there. 8. If you had used visual aids during the
lesson, it would have been much more interesting and instructive. 9. He went on
telling about his trip as though it bored him to death. 10. I wish I were an expert in
this subject and could help you. 11. Even if he were/had been nervous before the
performance, he wouldn't show/wouldn't have shown it. Astonishing self-control! 12.
But for/If it hadn't been for the prompter, the actors would have felt less confident
during the first night. 13. "Would you like to have a bite/a snack before going?" — "I
would love a cup of coffee and a roll." 14. She behaved calmly as though everything
were all right/as though all were well and nothing had happened. 15. The old man
was speaking slowly as if he were at a loss for words. 16.I would prefer to have/I
would rather have a holiday in winter. 17. I wish it had happened when you were
here. You would have been able to prevent it. 18. If I had more time, I would go to
exhibitions and museums regularly. 10. I do wish you had had time to look about the
new districts of our city.
Ex. 79, p. 479
Comments
1. Might serves to express a supposition implying uncertainty. 2. Couldn't
expesses impossibility due to circumstances, and must denotes an obligation that
seems important to the speaker. 3. Had to denotes obligation imposed by external
circumstances, and was to denotes obligation due to a previous arrangement. 4. Are
to serves to express an order. 5. Must expresses a supposition bordering on certainty.
6. Couldn't expresses impossibility due to circumstances, and wouldn't expresses
refusal to perform the action. 7. Shouldn't is used to express a supposition based on
logical probability. 8. Needn't + a Perfect Infinitive shows that the action performed
was unnecessary. 9. Are to is used to show that the action is planned. 10. M a y is
used to ask for permission. 11. Must is used to express a supposition implying very
strong probability. 12. Can't serves to show that the speaker believes it highly
unlikely that the action actually took place. 13. Should is used to give advice. 14.
Ought to is used to express advice. 15. Couldn 't serves to express inability to
perform the action, have to serves to express necessity, and should is used for
emotional colouring. 16. M a y is used to express a supposition implying uncertainty,
and have to serves to express necessity. 17. Can't is used to express prohibition, and
mustn't is used to show an obligation the speaker feels very strongly about. 18. Can
is used to express physical ability. 19. Are to is used to show that the action will take
place in accordance with a plan or arrangement.
Translation
1. Если вы хотите познакомиться с большим количеством англичан, вам,
возможно, захочется поехать в туристический лагерь. 2. Одно плохо — я не мог
сдавать экзамены весной и должен делать это теперь. 3. Моим родителям
пришлось уехать в экспедицию — они, как вы знаете, геологи — а меня остави-
ли вести хозяйство. 4. Вы должны принимать по столовой ложке этой
микстуры три раза в день. 5. В этой суматохе я, должно быть, забыла сахарницу
на полке в кухне. 6. Он не мог оплатить гостиничный счет, а кредита ему
больше не давали. 7. Полагаю, этот заплыв займет у вас не намного более часа
с четвертью. 8. Я зря торопился: он еще был не готов. 9. Сейчас у нас
будет/должна быть лекция. 10. Можно, я посмотрю на фотографии? 11. Здесь,
должно быть, какая-то ошибка. 12. «Он сказал, что из всех девушек, которые
там были, ты самая хорошенькая». — «Не может быть, чтобы он говорил это
серьезно» ./«Ни за что не поверю, что он действительно так думает» .13. Если
вы интересуетесь церквами и историческими достопримечательностями, вам
стоит осмотреть Вестминстерское аббатство, парламент, собор Св. Павла и
Тауэр. 14. Мне сказали, что стоило бы сходить в Британский музей. 15. Я и
представить себе не мог, что, читая английскую газету, я буду вынужден
искать главные статьи не на первых полосах, а в середине. 16. Если вы не
будете беречься, у вас может произойти нервный срыв и вам придется лечь в
больницу. 17. Тебе нельзя входить. Я хочу, чтобы ты от меня заразился. 18.
Микробы, вызывающие грипп, могут существовать только в кислой среде. 19.
Я слышал, завтра будут отбирать игроков для всесоюзного матча.
Ex. 80, р. 480
1. One can never know what may happen. 2. You might have sent us a note at least!
We waited for you the whole day. 3. Do you think you could/can command an army?
4. Well, your wives might/may not like the lady I'm going to marry. 5. Last winter he
could/might be seen in the club any night. 6. What can/could Anne be doing all this
time in the kitchen? 7. Whatever the reason may be, the fact remains. 8. She
may/might/could have lost her ring herself, it couldn't have been stolen. 9. Who
can/could have said such a thing? 10. Somebody may/might/could have given her my
address. 11. Such difficulties can be easily put up with. 12. If only I could make him
understand me properly. 13. I could have helped him, but I didn't receive his letter.
Ex. 81, p. 480
1. I should have been preparing for my coming exam yesterday, but I had to look
a f t e r my sick sister. 2. He doesn't have to get up early. He begins working at 9.30.
3. "I shouldn't have said those wounding words," he reproached himself. 4. It isn't the
sort of thing one should discuss with unknown people. 5. You needn't worry about
money. I've got enough for both of us. 6. You needn't have walked all the way to the
station. You could/might have taken a bus round the corner. 7. Sooner or later one
has to choose. 8. Mother had to get up and down a good bit during the meal, fetching
things back and forward. 9. I managed Some of the work might/could have been put
off till today. 17. Can I offer you a cup of tea, doctor? 18. One/You shouldn't be so
impatient. One/You should always consider other people's habits. 19. You must
behave as though nothing had happened. 20. Do you often have to consult a doctor?
21. Would you be so kind as to help me open the suitcase? There's something wrong
with the lock, it won't open. 22. He was to have come at five, we've been waiting for
him for an hour and a half, but he still isn't here. Where could he be? 23. Why should
we help him? He just won't work. 24. He sent her presents, but she wouldn't accept
them.
NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB
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