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APPENDIX – 2 PUNCTUATION – ПУНКТУАЦИЯ

Did you see the show?

Could you wait, please?

Exclamation mark: Oh, no! I don‟t believe it!

* In the US a full stop is called a “period”.

2. 
   Semi-colon (;)
   

We could also use a full stop here.

2. 
   Colon (:)
   

2. 
   Dash (-)
   

We often use a comma when we link two statements with and, but or or.

We can also use a comma when a sentence has a linking word like when or although.

Sometimes a comma can separate off an adverb or a phrase.

The rules about commas are not very exact. In general, commas are more likely around longer phrases. With a short phrase there is often no comma. On busy days Sarah has to work late. Sometimes she was to work late.

It is less usual to separate off something at the end of the sentence.

Sarah has to work late when the office is busy. She stayed late to get the work done. We do not usually put a comma before to expressing purpose.

We also use commas in a list of more than two. The last two are linked by and, often without a comma.

We put direct speech in quotation marks.

We normally use a comma to separate the direct speech from the rest of the sentence. The comma comes before the quotation mark.

Quotation marks are also called „quotes‟ or „inverted commas‟.

Double quotation marks are sometimes used. Laura said, “You haven‟t put those shelves up yet.”

We can put quotation marks around titles.

Do you watch that American comedy series called “Roseanne”? We often use quotation marks when we mention a word or phrase.

What does „punctuation‟ mean? Rap music is also called „hip hop‟.

G Hyphen (-)

We sometimes use hyphens in these structures.

Compound noun: eating ice-cream

Compound expression before a noun: an oven-ready meal

Noun formed from a phrasel verb: ready for take-off

Noun + ing form: interested in rock-climbing

Before the last word of a compound number: a hundred and twenty-six people

After some prefixes: anti-aircraft guns

The rules about hyphens are not very exact. For example, you may see a compound noun written as phonecard, phone-card or phone card. Hyphens are not very frequent in British English, and they are used even less in American English. If you are unsure, it is usually safer to write two separate words.

8. 
   Apostrophe („) Look at these examples.
   

8. 
   Capital letters
   

We use a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence and for the word I.

We also use a capital letter to begin the names of people, places, companies, etc.

Mark and Sarah New Orleans the High Street Somerset

This includes the names of books, films, magazines, etc. Al the important words start with a capital letter.

We also use a capital letter fir days of the week, month of the year, holidays and festivals, historical times, nationalities and most abbreviations.