Екінші кемшілігі — торлық кернеудің он; жарты периодында, анодтық токтан басқа, торлық токтың түзілуінде; осынын салдарынан анодтық токтың ай- нымалы құраушысының амшштудасы теріс жарты пернодтағыға қарағанда, оң жарты периодта аз бо-лады (84-суреттегі төменгі графикті қараңыздар). Кү-шейтілетін сигнал қисығының {[юрмасынын, мұндай бұрмалануы сызықтық емес бұрмалануы деп аталады. Дыбыстық жиілікті күшейткіштерде репродуктор-дың қайыра шығаратын дыбысы қырылдап, анық болмай, дірілдеп естіледі. Сызыктық емес бұр-малануды болдырмау үшін торлық токтардың пайда болуына мүмкіндік бермеу қажет. Ал бұл торға теріс торлық ығысу деп аталатын тұрақты теріс кернеу беру арқылы орындалады (ығысу кернеуі (UUr) 85-суреттё жоғарты графикте көрсетілген). Ығысу кер-неуі күшейтілетін сигналдың амплитудасынан көп болу ы керек.
Торлық ығысуды жеке батареядан (тағайындал-ған ығысу) алуға болады, ал ол былай да алынады: лампының катод тізбегіне ығысу резисторын (RUr) жә-
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)
85-сурет. Теріс торлық ыгысу. 86-сурет. Күшейткіш каскадтың эквиваленттік схемасы.
не сыйымдылығы улкен конденсатор (С) қосады (85-сурет). Сонда анодтық токтың тұрақты қүраушы-сы — RUF резисторы, ал айнымалы құраушысы — С конденсаторы арқылы өтеді. Тұрақты құраушы/?ығ резисторында Uшғ тұрақты кернеуін туғызатын бо-лады, ал ол кернеу RT резисторы арқылы өзінің теріс таңбасымен лампының торына беріледі. Мұндай те-ріс торлық ығысу автоматты деп аталады. Енді күшей-тілетін сигналдың кернеуі бұрмаланбайды (87-сурет-тегі теменгі графикті қараңыздар).
Лампы UKlp кернеуін \і есе ұлғайтатын бол-ғандықтан, оны шартты түрде э. қ. к. jiUKlp -ге тең және ішкі кедергісі Ri генератор деп қарастыруға бо-лады. Онда 87-суреттегі схеманы 86-суретте көрсетіл-гендей эквивалентті схемамен алмастыруға болады. Ом заңы бойынша [J-t/кір с/шығ г а бүдан
Ri Һ Ra t/кір
Бүл өрнектің оң жақ бөлігі - күшейткіштің кү-шейту коэффициент Сондықтан:
Күшейту коэффициенті әр түрлі жиілікте қалай езгеретіндігін керсететін график күшейткіштің жиілік-тік характеристикасы деп аталады (87-сурет). Егер күшейткіш әр түрлі жиілікті бірдей етіп күшейтпейтін болса, онда оны жиіліктік бұрмалау енгізеді дейді.
* 44-формула орта жиіліктер ушін дұрыс. Жоғары және тө-менгі жиіліктерге лампының электродтар аралық сыйымдылығы және С конденсаторының сыйымдылығы эсер етеді де, формула күрделенеді.
87-сурет. Күшейткіштің жиілік характеристикасы.
S-сурет. Транзисторлы күшейткіштін схемасы.
IO1
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