English for medical students посібник з англійської мови
DIPHTHERIA Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary
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- Exercise 2. Read the word combinations and sentences with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian: Tract
- Exercise 3. Complete the table with the missing words (you may need a dictionary)
- Exercise 4.Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian
- Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: DIPHTHERIA
| DIPHTHERIA
Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:
Exercise 2. Read the word combinations and sentences with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian: Tract: upper respiratory tract; urinary tract infection; gastrointestinal tract; reproductive tract. Effect: deleterious effect; drug effect; adverse effect; therapeutic effect; visual effects. Disease: contagious disease; inherited disease; nutritional disease; neoplastic disease Menace: a menace to public health; a real menace; to speak with desperate menace; a menacing person. Exercise 3. Complete the table with the missing words (you may need a dictionary):
Exercise 4.Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian: Dissemination, to be more liable to diphtheria, uneasiness in the throat, stiffness of the back of the neck, membranous formation on pharyngeal tissues, the earliest objective manifestation of the disease, the most dreadful of all complications of diphtheria, the outcome of the disease, the soft palate and uvula. Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: DIPHTHERIA Diphtheria is an acute contagious disease caused by specific organism bacillus diphtheria. It is characterized by local inflammation with fibrin formation of the mucous membranes, usually of the upper respiratory tract, with production of a toxin which when absorbed into the blood stream may produce deleterious effects on various parts of the body, especially the heart and peripheral nerves. The disease exists throughout the world but is more common in temperate zones and during the colder months, autumn and winter. It is commonly spread by direct contact which must be fairly intimate. Dissemination by third objects such as clothes, toys, etc. may also occur and carriage by milk has been reported many times. Healthy carriers may disseminate the disease to susceptible persons and thus constitute a menace to public health. Children appear to be more liable to diphtheria than adults; although the most robust people may be attacked and those whose health is weakened by any cause are especially predisposed. The incubation period is three to ten days. The disease may be divided into three main forms according to the anatomical distribution of the membrane: a) faucial or pharyngeal; b) laryngeal; c) nasal. The onset of the disease is insidious with relatively moderate temperature reaction. In general, following an incubation period of about two days, symptoms set in like those commonly accompanying a cold. A slight feeling of uneasiness in the throat is experienced along with some stiffness of the back of the neck. The earliest objective manifestation of the disease is the formation of a thin film of fibrin on the tonsils which increases in thickness to form characteristic yellowish-white or grayish-white pseudomembrane. The throat appears to be reddened and somewhat swollen. If the pseudomembrane is forcibly removed, it is found to separate from the underlying true mucous membrane with difficulty and leaves a raw, bleeding surface on which in the untreated cases a fresh membrane rapidly reforms. The lesion tends to spread over the pillars and onto the soft palate and uvula. Hence any membranous formation on pharyngeal tissues should immediately be regarded as a suspicion of diphtheria. Myocarditis is the most dreadful of all complications of diphtheria. It is due to direct action of the toxin on the heart muscle. Another severe complication is peripheral neuritis. It occurs in the form of paralysis affecting the soft palate and throat. Other forms of paralysis are paralysis of eye or even respiratory muscles, paralysis of a limb or both legs. These symptoms, however, after continuing for a variable length of time, almost always ultimately disappear. The outcome of the disease depends mainly on one factor, namely, the early administration of adequate doses of antitoxin. Its employment in any recognized or even suspected case of diphtheria is mandatory and no physician can delay its administration. The second important measure is rest, the patient being kept strictly flat. Patients suffering from diphtheria should be isolated for at least two weeks after the onset of the disease, and then until three successive cultures from the nose and throat taken not less than 48 hours apart are negative. A diphtheria infection is treated using two types of medication: antibiotics to kill the diphtheria bacteria; antitoxins to neutralise the effects of the toxin produced by the bacteria. Most people who have diphtheria require a 14-day course of antibiotics. After this time, you'll have tests to find out if all the bacteria have gone. If diphtheria bacteria are still present, you may need to continue taking antibiotics for another 10 days. You should have the diphtheria vaccination after you've been treated because having diphtheria doesn't always stop you getting the infection again. жүктеу/скачать 0,8 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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