«Балтасап негізгі мектебі» коммуналдық мемлекеттік мекемесі

INFINITIVE – ИНФИНИТИВ

Ағылшын тілінде инфинитив жақты, шақты, райды кӛрсетпей, іс-әрекеттің іске асуын тек қана айтатын етістіктің жіктелмеген формасы. Инфинитив не істеу? не жасау? деген сҧрақтарға жауап береді. Әдетте инфинитив “to‟ демеулігімен қолданылады.

► Инфинитивтің сӛйлемдегі қызметі мен қолданылуы Subject – баяндауыш функциясын атқарады

• 
  To make mistakes is easy. (Old English)
  
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  It‟s easy to make mistakes. (Modern English)
  
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  To wait for people who are always late makes me angry.
  
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  It makes me angry to wait for people who are always late.
  
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  It was difficult to confess that I had stolen her money.
  

► Object – тура толықтауыш функциясын атқарады

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  Police warned us not to go there.
  
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  She asked me to wait a little.
  
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  She wants to dance.
  
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  She wants him to help her.
  

► Attribute – анықтауыш функциясында: зат есімнен кейін келеді немесе wish, desire, decide, need етістіктерінен жасалған зат есімнен кейін

• 
  I have to wish to change. (=I don‟t wish to change)
  
• 
  I told her about my decision to leave. I told her that I had made decision to leave.
  
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  Is there any need to ask Kamila? Do we need to ask Kamila?
  

► Инфинитив анықтауыш функциясын атқарғанда the first, the second, the third, the last, only сӛздерінен кейін жиі кездеседі.

• 
  Who was the first person to climb Everest without oxygen? • She‟s the only scientist to have won three Nobel prizes.
  

► Adverbial modifiers of purpose – пысықтауыш функциясында

1) мақсат пысықтауыш

• 
  I sat down to rest.
  
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  I am going to Australia to learn German.
  
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  To switch on, press the red button.
  

• 
  He got up early in order to have time to pack.
  
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  I moved to a new flat so as to be near my work. So as және in order кӛбіне болымсыз сӛйлемдерде кездеседі.
  
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  I‟m going to leave now, so as not to be late.
  

• 
  I don‟t know him well enough to ask him for help.
  
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  I was too young to understand what was happening.
  

► Part of a compound nominal predicate – есім сӛзді күрделі баяндауыш

• 
  Her dream was to become an actress.
  
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  To travel means to enlarge your horizons.
  

• 
  He began to speak about his plans.
  
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  She started to make tea sandwiches.
  

Ӛзінен кейін тура толықтауыш қабылдайтын инфинитивтің негізгі етісте тӛрт формасы, ырықсыз етісте екі формасы бар. Ӛзінен кейін тура толықтауыш қабылдайтын инфинитивтің негізгі етісте екі формасы бар.

Ағылшын тілінде ең кӛп қолданылатын формалары - Indefinite Infinitive Active және Passive. Қалған инфинитив формалары ӛте сирек қолданылады. Олардың ішінде басқаларына қарағанда жиірек қолданылатыны Perfect Infinitive.

1. Indefinite Infinitive Active (Simple Infinitive) – to tell, to see.

• I want to see the manager.

2. Continuous Infinitive Active (Progressive) – to be + Ving – to be telling, to be sitting, to be smoking.

• 
  It‟s nice to be sitting here.
  
• 
  I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot.
  
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  He is said to be living here. (They say that he is living here) 3. Perfect Infinitive Active – to have + past participle (participle II) – to have told, to have finished.
  
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  It‟s nice to have read the book. = It‟s nice that I have read the book.
  
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  I‟m glad to have seen her. = I‟m glad that I have seen her.
  
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  I was sorry to have disturbed him. = I was sorry that I has disturbed him.
  
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  We hope to have finished the job soon = … that we will have finished ….
  
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  He is said to have lived in Almaty. = … that he has lived…
  

• 
  I meant to have phoned, but I forgot.
  
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  He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill.
  

• 
  You should have written the composition. (The person didn‟t write).
  
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  I would have gone to university if my parents had had more money. (The speaker did not go to university).
  
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  You could have helped him. (The person did not help).
  

4. Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active – to have been + Ving – to have been doing, to have been watching.

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  I would like to have been sitting there when she walked in.
  
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  He is said to have been living in Astana. (They say that he has been / was living in Astana.)
  
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  The ship is thought to have returned to India.
  

• 
  There is a lot of work to be done.
  
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  She hopes to be chosen for the national team.
  
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  She loves to be loved.
  

6. Perfect Infinitive Passive – to have been Past Participle – to have been done.

• 
  You could have been killed.
  
• 
  Gauhar is fortunate to have been given a scholarship.
  

► Infinitive to демеулігімен

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  afford: I can‟t afford to buy it.
  
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  agree: They agreed to help us.
  
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  appear: She appears to be tired.
  
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  arrange: I will arrange to meet you at the airport.
  
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  ask: He asked to come with us.
  
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  can’t bear: I can‟t bear to wait in long lines.
  
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  beg: He begged to come with us.
  
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  begin: It began to rain.
  
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  care: I don‟t care to see that show.
  
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  claim: She claims to know a famous movie star.
  
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  consent: She finally consented to marry him.
  
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  continue: He continued to speak.
  
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  decide: I have decided to leave on Monday.
  
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  demand: I demand to know who is responsible.
  
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  expect: I except to enter graduate school in the fall.
  
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  fail: She failed to return the book to the library on time.
  
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  forget: I forget to write the letter.
  
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  hate: I hate to make silly mistakes.
  
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  hesitate: Don‟t hesitate to ask for my help.
  
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  hope: Jack hopes to arrive next week.
  
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  learn: He learned to play the piano.
  
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  like: I like to do gymnastics.
  
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  love: I love to go to operas.
  
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  manage: She managed to finish her work early.
  
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  mean: I did not mean to hurt your feelings.
  
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  need: I need to have your opinion.
  
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  offer: The offered to help us.
  
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  plan: I am planning to have a party.
  
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  prefer: Ann prefers to walk to work.
  
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  prepare: We prepared to welcome them.
  
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  pretend: He pretends not to understand.
  
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  promise: I promise not to be late.
  
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  refuse: I refuse to believe his story.
  
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  remember: I regret to tell you that you failed.
  
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  seem: I remembered to lock the door.
  
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  cannot stand: I cannot stand to wait in long lines.
  
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  start: It started to rain.
  
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  struggle: I struggled to stay awake.
  
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  swear: She swore to tell the truth.
  
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  threaten: She threatened to tell my parents.
  
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  try: I‟m trying to learn English.
  
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  volunteer: He volunteered to help us.
  
• 
  want: I want to tell you something.
  
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  wish: She wishes to come with us.
  

• 
  You must do it at once.
  
• 
  She can speak English • You should try to do your best.
  
• 
  You had better go home now.
  
• 
  You needn’t worry.
  

• 
  My father lets me drive his car.
  
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  Let’s go to the cinema
  
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  Could you help me lay the table?
  
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  Sad movies make me cry.
  
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  Did you feel the earth move?
  
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  I heard him sing “Figaro”.
  
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  I saw him cut the carpet.
  

Ырықсыз етісте hear, make, see етістіктері to демеулігімен қолданылады:

• 
  The teacher made me stand in the corner.
  

• 
  I was made to stand in the corner.